Domestic demand-side response with heat pumps: controls and tariffs

ABSTRACT

Electric heat pumps feature prominently in projected energy transitions in the UK and elsewhere. Owing to their high electricity consumption, heat pumps are viewed as important targets for demand-side response (DSR). Findings are presented from a field trial of a new control system that aims to optimize heat pump performance, including under time-varying tariff conditions. The trial involved monitoring 76 properties with heat pumps, but without dedicated heat storage; 31 of these received the control system. Interviews were conducted with a subsample of 12 participants. The controller successfully evened out electricity demand over the day (reducing the evening peak), but this was associated with increased late night and daytime temperatures. Interview participants reported some disturbance owing to overnight heating and noise, as well as usability issues with the controller interface and hardware. These issues present risks to the future acceptability of such systems. While the system delivered short-term demand reductions successfully, longer-term demand shifting risked causing unacceptable disturbance to occupants. Future control systems could overcome some of the issues identified in this pioneering trial through more effective zoning, using temperature caps or installing dedicated heat storage, but these may either limit the available flexibility or be challenging to achieve.     

深层地埋管换热器换热性能模拟及稳定性研究

以深层地源热泵地埋管换热器为研究对象,对其换热特性进行数值模拟和实验研究。建立考虑轴向地温梯度的深层地埋管换热器传热模型并进行模拟计算,通过示范工程现场测试数据验证该模型的正确性。对深层地埋管换热器换热的性能稳定性进行研究,发现深层地埋管换热器连续长期运行及间歇长期运行下换热性能基本稳定。当按不同运停比运行时,岩土温度恢复效果良好。研究结果表明深层地源热泵有较好的换热性能及运行稳定性,为深层地热能的开发利用提供了新思路。     

Engineering Smart Nanofluidic Systems for Artificial Ion Channels and Ion Pumps: From Single-Pore to Multichannel Membranes

Biological ion channels and ion pumps with intricate ion transport functions widely exist in living organisms and play irreplaceable roles in almost all physiological functions. Nanofluidics provides exciting opportunities to mimic these working processes, which not only helps understand ion transport in biological systems but also paves the way for the applications of artificial devices in many valuable areas. Recent progress in the engineering of smart nanofluidic systems for artificial ion channels and ion pumps is summarized. The artificial systems range from chemically and structurally diverse lipid-membrane-based nanopores to robust and scalable solid-state nanopores. A generic strategy of gate location design is proposed. The single-pore-based platform concept can be rationally extended into multichannel membrane systems and shows unprecedented potential in many application areas, such as single-molecule analysis, smart mass delivery, and energy conversion. Finally, some present underpinning issues that need to be addressed are discussed.     

基于PID-二分组合控制算法的分布参数空气源热泵仿真模型的研究

采用分布参数法建立双级压缩空气源热泵系统热力学模型,建立一种基于PID-二分组合控制算法的全系统循环分布参数模型,并结合实验数据验证该模型的准确性。结果表明：系统模型在双级压缩制热模式下制热性能系数（COP）的模拟数据与实验数据的平均偏差为5.41%,两者在不同运行模式下的最大偏差不超过15%,均在可信范围之内,模型能准确反映系统性能随外界参数变化的规律;该模型与单独使用比例积分微分（PID）控制算法的分布参数法模型相比,总迭代次数较原模型减少约2.96倍,极大减少了模型的计算量,可在保证模型精度的情况下提升模型的计算速度。     

变频泵和风机的节能分析

阐述了变频调节节能原理及经济效益,并根据泵和风机在不同工况下运行的性能特点,分析了变流量运行时,泵和风机流量、扬程(压头)、功率与转速间的关系以及泵和风机采用变频调节后,对其节电率进行列表分析。举例分析了电厂鼓风机采用变频调节时的特性,耗能情况及其经济性,最后指出采用变频调节的优越性。     

水泵变频调速在供水系统中的应用

为达到更好的节能效果,依据武进水厂的运行经验,建议多台水泵并联运行时采用变频调速来控制.     

泵技术进展与发展趋势

泵作为一种典型的水力机械,在国民经济中扮演着重要的角色,其技术进展一直受到多个行业的关注。在各种应用需求的驱动以及材料、力学、信息和计算机等相关学科的带动下,泵理论和技术研究已取得巨大进展。人们对泵内流机理和运行特性的认识更为深入,数字化设计和信息化运维已得到广泛应用,泵产品已逐步具有生态友好和智能化特征。本文以2000年以来泵领域所取得的进展为重点,围绕旋涡泵、离心泵、混流泵、轴流泵和贯流泵等叶片式泵,从产品应用需求出发,针对泵的水动力学、设计技术、振动噪声、节能与运维技术等四个部分对技术进展进行综述,并对泵的发展趋势进行总结和展望。     

真空预压法中开泵率对加固效果的影响

运用真空预压法加固软土地基,主要通过真空度、沉降量和固结度控制施工进度,而对射流泵开泵率要求甚少。为避免施工方出于节约电费或降低后期沉降速率等目的肆意减少开泵率并影响加固效果,结合江苏省连云港市某真空预压工程,从真空度、表层沉降、分层沉降、孔隙水应力等监测指标方面对开泵率对加固效果的影响进行了相似场区不同开泵率下的对比研究,结果表明,在真空预压中期提高开泵率,各项监测指标变化明显,深层土体变化滞后,加固效果提升显著。在真空预压后期保持高开泵率,各监测指标无太大的变化,反而趋于稳定。故认为真空预压中期合理的开泵率设置在80%以上,而规范中规定的真空预压后期开泵率保持80%并不合理,在保证真空度的前提下宜适当减少开泵率。     

一种新的分布式水泵供热布置方案分析

供热管网的用户端应用分布式水泵代替阀门来调节水力工况有助于节约水泵能耗。在比较单热源枝状管网采用传统阀门调节和分布式水泵调节供热方案的水力工况和节能性能的基础上,提出一种新的分布式水泵供热布置方案。通过理论及案例分析了多热源环状管网应用这一新方案下的变工况水力调节性能、水温稳定性能及节能性能。结果表明,新的分布式水泵布置方案有利于降低供热系统的功耗、减缓用户水温波动,并具有供热质与量的调节相对独立、调节控制策略简便的特点。